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Foreign Office Historians

What’s the Context? 20 December 1917: formation of the Cheka, the first Soviet security and intelligence agency

‘The Soviets would not last two days without the activities of the Cheka, but with the Cheka, the Soviet State was safe’: Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Defending the Revolution Before the October Revolution in 1917 that put the Bolsheviks in power …

What’s the context? US Secretary of State proposes a ‘Marshall Plan’ for the reconstruction of Europe, 5 June 1947

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A class of elderly gentlemen, dressed in graduation robes which are about receive honorary degree at Harvard.

Seventy years ago this week US Secretary of State George C. Marshall gave a speech at Harvard University in which he offered American aid to a destitute and fragile Europe...

What’s the Context? 15 February 1942: The Fall of Singapore

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75 years ago today, on 15 February 1942, British forces surrendered the ‘impregnable fortress’ of Singapore to the Japanese army. Defeat had come swiftly after the landing of Japanese forces in northern Malaya and southern Thailand on 8 December 1941. …