...Lichnowsky for Germany, Count Benckendorff for Russia, M. Cambon for France and Count Mensdorff for Austria-Hungary. The Permanent Under-Secretary of the Foreign Office corresponded privately with diplomats, especially those in...
...year in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania. It contains reporting from British embassies on the rapidly changing political scene, and documents attempts in London to develop policy...
The 3 Polish codebreakers Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Rozycki and Henryk Zygalski ‘Il y a du nouveau’ On 26 July 1939, in the Pyry Forest south of Warsaw, Polish cryptologists revealed...
...democracy and freedom: desiring global domination through the spread of communism, pursuing an ideological imperialism inimical to Western values. The Prague coup of February 1948, show trials in Hungary and...
...the streets. The opening of the border between Hungary and Austria on 10 September was a milestone, allowing the thousands of would-be emigrants who had gone on ‘holiday’ to other...
...arrive and were often written in code in case they were stolen by foreign spies. When his conduct at the 1814 Congress of Vienna was later challenged in Parliament, Castlereagh...
...overall codename for the Allied invasion of occupied north-western Europe. After months of detailed planning, involving much discussion, a certain amount of friction between Allied military and civilian authorities, and...
...that symbolised their service to the war (Figures 3 and 4); a code of conduct (although this was not uniform across the counties), and faced disciplinary action for misdemeanours.[12] Whilst...
...Using a German code which he knew had been broken by the British, he transmitted the message ‘The British are now running France’. Unsurprisingly, the French intercepted it. In spring...
...Turing, without whom the Enigma code might never have been broken, the Second World War might not have been won so speedily, and many more lives would have been lost...