...Using a German code which he knew had been broken by the British, he transmitted the message ‘The British are now running France’. Unsurprisingly, the French intercepted it. In spring...
...Turing, without whom the Enigma code might never have been broken, the Second World War might not have been won so speedily, and many more lives would have been lost...
...sword to smite its enemies. Spreading the Revolution Initially focussed on internal opposition, the Cheka began very soon to send agents abroad to gather intelligence and promote revolution by covert...
...the streets. The opening of the border between Hungary and Austria on 10 September was a milestone, allowing the thousands of would-be emigrants who had gone on ‘holiday’ to other...
...high-handed behaviour towards China and by presenting Italian unification (1859-60) as a victory for Britain over France, Austria, Russia and the Pope. His strong defence policy was widely approved. In...
...in the UK from 1904-07. The Russian Foreign Secretary, Alexander Petrovich Izvolsy, worked with his allies in government to promote the agreement. He supported the entente, despite domestic opposition, and...
...ostensibly angling for colonial concessions in Africa, was firming up his plans for action against Austria and Czechoslovakia. At the beginning of February 1938 Hitler engineered a major purge of...
...League of Nations at the Paris Peace Conference. Wilson received a tumultuous welcome in Britain, where his idealism caught the mood of the moment. But at a state banquet in...
...its basis than his first. Nelson’s victory at Trafalgar in 1805 proved a welcome and rare moment of success in Pitt’s continental war strategy, but the exhausted premier had to...
...forced upon him, and in summer 1783 let it be known that he would welcome opposition to the ministry’s bill to reform the East India Company; its parliamentary defeat gave...