The 3 Polish codebreakers Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Rozycki and Henryk Zygalski ‘Il y a du nouveau’ On 26 July 1939, in the Pyry Forest south of Warsaw, Polish cryptologists revealed...
...On December 4, 1918, the Armenian National Delegation, formed in Paris, under the presidency of Boghos Nubar, declared the independence of integral Armenia. This map is the proposed boundaries of...
...today, the term remains in use as shorthand for Russian security and intelligence officers. The Cheka’s symbols were the shield and sword, the first to defend the revolution and the...
...India. The Russians were conscious of British sensitivities with regards to any country bordering India. Russia had built railway lines up to the border with Afghanistan. The British Government feared...
...not happen today, and I rejoice in that change. I think that Major’s remarks identify an important lesson for today’s FCO about diversity: if we exclude different types of people,...
...the Normandy shore - @Wikimedia Commons Seventy years ago today, 130,000 American, British and Canadian troops began the largest seaborne assault ever attempted: Operation NEPTUNE, the assault phase of OVERLORD,...
...solution, for which the world would pay a heavy penalty for a hundred years to come.” From Armenian hopes of homecoming through the violent legacy of Partition in India (itself...
...arrive and were often written in code in case they were stolen by foreign spies. When his conduct at the 1814 Congress of Vienna was later challenged in Parliament, Castlereagh...
...that symbolised their service to the war (Figures 3 and 4); a code of conduct (although this was not uniform across the counties), and faced disciplinary action for misdemeanours.[12] Whilst...
...Using a German code which he knew had been broken by the British, he transmitted the message ‘The British are now running France’. Unsurprisingly, the French intercepted it. In spring...