...overall codename for the Allied invasion of occupied north-western Europe. After months of detailed planning, involving much discussion, a certain amount of friction between Allied military and civilian authorities, and...
...explain Lewis' appointment as sub Librarian in the Foreign Office in 1801, aged just 13. By 1810 he had been promoted to Librarian and Keeper of the Papers. In 1822...
The 3 Polish codebreakers Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Rozycki and Henryk Zygalski ‘Il y a du nouveau’ On 26 July 1939, in the Pyry Forest south of Warsaw, Polish cryptologists revealed...
...he retired in 1854. Appointed in 1824 he was under the direct authority of the Foreign Office. Tracing a service history List of Appointments, Deaths and Pensions, from 5th July...
...Using a German code which he knew had been broken by the British, he transmitted the message ‘The British are now running France’. Unsurprisingly, the French intercepted it. In spring...
...change...the list goes on and on. It is almost breathtaking in its scope – the longest ‘to do’ list ever? James Callaghan's notes on policy initiatives for the term ahead,...
...civil service of ‘sheltering under the government umbrella’ while married men were being called up from elsewhere. The records of every department contain discussions on staffing, often including lists of...
...arrive and were often written in code in case they were stolen by foreign spies. When his conduct at the 1814 Congress of Vienna was later challenged in Parliament, Castlereagh...
...propaganda that sought to enlist soldiers, posters, leaflets and cinematic clips were designed to capture women’s sense of patriotism and self-sacrifice. Condemning the ‘U-Boat Scourge’ for destroying the nation’s imported...
...Turing, without whom the Enigma code might never have been broken, the Second World War might not have been won so speedily, and many more lives would have been lost...