...news. The Ems Telegram, 13 July 1871, original version (GHDI image 1391) The Ems Telegram, 13 July 1871, Bismarck’s edited version (GHDI image 1392) For centuries, Germany had been a...
...of Soviet Russia over Nazi Germany in the Second World War. That same day, General Helmuth Weidling, the last remaining commander of the Nazi forces defending the German capital, ordered...
...There never has been a moment, there never could be a moment, when Great Britain or the British Empire, single-handed, could fight Germany and Italy, could wage the Battle of...
...a new currency for all of Germany. This did not suit the Soviets, who had been stripping assets from East Germany as war reparations. In March, the Soviets argued that...
...Germany, for a ‘World Organisation’ to ensure peace (the UN), for bringing the war in Japan to a successful conclusion and for the future of Eastern Europe, have been instrumental...
...arrive and were often written in code in case they were stolen by foreign spies. When his conduct at the 1814 Congress of Vienna was later challenged in Parliament, Castlereagh...
...the diplomatic field to himself. Experience of travelling across the Ottoman and Persian empires decades before, followed by a stint as Viceroy of India led Curzon to claim particular expertise...
...overall codename for the Allied invasion of occupied north-western Europe. After months of detailed planning, involving much discussion, a certain amount of friction between Allied military and civilian authorities, and...
...that symbolised their service to the war (Figures 3 and 4); a code of conduct (although this was not uniform across the counties), and faced disciplinary action for misdemeanours.[12] Whilst...
...Using a German code which he knew had been broken by the British, he transmitted the message ‘The British are now running France’. Unsurprisingly, the French intercepted it. In spring...